zig/lib/std / wasm.zig

///! Contains all constants and types representing the wasm
///! binary format, as specified by:
///! https://webassembly.github.io/spec/core/
const std = @import("std.zig");
const testing = std.testing;

// TODO: Add support for multi-byte ops (e.g. table operations)

/// Wasm instruction opcodes
///
/// All instructions are defined as per spec:
/// https://webassembly.github.io/spec/core/appendix/index-instructions.html
pub const Opcode = enum(u8) {
    @"unreachable" = 0x00,
    nop = 0x01,
    block = 0x02,
    loop = 0x03,
    @"if" = 0x04,
    @"else" = 0x05,
    end = 0x0B,
    br = 0x0C,
    br_if = 0x0D,
    br_table = 0x0E,
    @"return" = 0x0F,
    call = 0x10,
    call_indirect = 0x11,
    drop = 0x1A,
    select = 0x1B,
    local_get = 0x20,
    local_set = 0x21,
    local_tee = 0x22,
    global_get = 0x23,
    global_set = 0x24,
    i32_load = 0x28,
    i64_load = 0x29,
    f32_load = 0x2A,
    f64_load = 0x2B,
    i32_load8_s = 0x2C,
    i32_load8_u = 0x2D,
    i32_load16_s = 0x2E,
    i32_load16_u = 0x2F,
    i64_load8_s = 0x30,
    i64_load8_u = 0x31,
    i64_load16_s = 0x32,
    i64_load16_u = 0x33,
    i64_load32_s = 0x34,
    i64_load32_u = 0x35,
    i32_store = 0x36,
    i64_store = 0x37,
    f32_store = 0x38,
    f64_store = 0x39,
    i32_store8 = 0x3A,
    i32_store16 = 0x3B,
    i64_store8 = 0x3C,
    i64_store16 = 0x3D,
    i64_store32 = 0x3E,
    memory_size = 0x3F,
    memory_grow = 0x40,
    i32_const = 0x41,
    i64_const = 0x42,
    f32_const = 0x43,
    f64_const = 0x44,
    i32_eqz = 0x45,
    i32_eq = 0x46,
    i32_ne = 0x47,
    i32_lt_s = 0x48,
    i32_lt_u = 0x49,
    i32_gt_s = 0x4A,
    i32_gt_u = 0x4B,
    i32_le_s = 0x4C,
    i32_le_u = 0x4D,
    i32_ge_s = 0x4E,
    i32_ge_u = 0x4F,
    i64_eqz = 0x50,
    i64_eq = 0x51,
    i64_ne = 0x52,
    i64_lt_s = 0x53,
    i64_lt_u = 0x54,
    i64_gt_s = 0x55,
    i64_gt_u = 0x56,
    i64_le_s = 0x57,
    i64_le_u = 0x58,
    i64_ge_s = 0x59,
    i64_ge_u = 0x5A,
    f32_eq = 0x5B,
    f32_ne = 0x5C,
    f32_lt = 0x5D,
    f32_gt = 0x5E,
    f32_le = 0x5F,
    f32_ge = 0x60,
    f64_eq = 0x61,
    f64_ne = 0x62,
    f64_lt = 0x63,
    f64_gt = 0x64,
    f64_le = 0x65,
    f64_ge = 0x66,
    i32_clz = 0x67,
    i32_ctz = 0x68,
    i32_popcnt = 0x69,
    i32_add = 0x6A,
    i32_sub = 0x6B,
    i32_mul = 0x6C,
    i32_div_s = 0x6D,
    i32_div_u = 0x6E,
    i32_rem_s = 0x6F,
    i32_rem_u = 0x70,
    i32_and = 0x71,
    i32_or = 0x72,
    i32_xor = 0x73,
    i32_shl = 0x74,
    i32_shr_s = 0x75,
    i32_shr_u = 0x76,
    i32_rotl = 0x77,
    i32_rotr = 0x78,
    i64_clz = 0x79,
    i64_ctz = 0x7A,
    i64_popcnt = 0x7B,
    i64_add = 0x7C,
    i64_sub = 0x7D,
    i64_mul = 0x7E,
    i64_div_s = 0x7F,
    i64_div_u = 0x80,
    i64_rem_s = 0x81,
    i64_rem_u = 0x82,
    i64_and = 0x83,
    i64_or = 0x84,
    i64_xor = 0x85,
    i64_shl = 0x86,
    i64_shr_s = 0x87,
    i64_shr_u = 0x88,
    i64_rotl = 0x89,
    i64_rotr = 0x8A,
    f32_abs = 0x8B,
    f32_neg = 0x8C,
    f32_ceil = 0x8D,
    f32_floor = 0x8E,
    f32_trunc = 0x8F,
    f32_nearest = 0x90,
    f32_sqrt = 0x91,
    f32_add = 0x92,
    f32_sub = 0x93,
    f32_mul = 0x94,
    f32_div = 0x95,
    f32_min = 0x96,
    f32_max = 0x97,
    f32_copysign = 0x98,
    f64_abs = 0x99,
    f64_neg = 0x9A,
    f64_ceil = 0x9B,
    f64_floor = 0x9C,
    f64_trunc = 0x9D,
    f64_nearest = 0x9E,
    f64_sqrt = 0x9F,
    f64_add = 0xA0,
    f64_sub = 0xA1,
    f64_mul = 0xA2,
    f64_div = 0xA3,
    f64_min = 0xA4,
    f64_max = 0xA5,
    f64_copysign = 0xA6,
    i32_wrap_i64 = 0xA7,
    i32_trunc_f32_s = 0xA8,
    i32_trunc_f32_u = 0xA9,
    i32_trunc_f64_s = 0xAA,
    i32_trunc_f64_u = 0xAB,
    i64_extend_i32_s = 0xAC,
    i64_extend_i32_u = 0xAD,
    i64_trunc_f32_s = 0xAE,
    i64_trunc_f32_u = 0xAF,
    i64_trunc_f64_s = 0xB0,
    i64_trunc_f64_u = 0xB1,
    f32_convert_i32_s = 0xB2,
    f32_convert_i32_u = 0xB3,
    f32_convert_i64_s = 0xB4,
    f32_convert_i64_u = 0xB5,
    f32_demote_f64 = 0xB6,
    f64_convert_i32_s = 0xB7,
    f64_convert_i32_u = 0xB8,
    f64_convert_i64_s = 0xB9,
    f64_convert_i64_u = 0xBA,
    f64_promote_f32 = 0xBB,
    i32_reinterpret_f32 = 0xBC,
    i64_reinterpret_f64 = 0xBD,
    f32_reinterpret_i32 = 0xBE,
    f64_reinterpret_i64 = 0xBF,
    i32_extend8_s = 0xC0,
    i32_extend16_s = 0xC1,
    i64_extend8_s = 0xC2,
    i64_extend16_s = 0xC3,
    i64_extend32_s = 0xC4,

    misc_prefix = 0xFC,
    simd_prefix = 0xFD,
    atomics_prefix = 0xFE,
    _,

};

/// Returns the integer value of an `Opcode`. Used by the Zig compiler
/// to write instructions to the wasm binary file
pub fn opcode(op: Opcode) u8 {
    return @intFromEnum(op);

}

test "opcodes" {
    // Ensure our opcodes values remain intact as certain values are skipped due to them being reserved
    const i32_const = opcode(.i32_const);
    const end = opcode(.end);
    const drop = opcode(.drop);
    const local_get = opcode(.local_get);
    const i64_extend32_s = opcode(.i64_extend32_s);

    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u16, 0x41), i32_const);
    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u16, 0x0B), end);
    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u16, 0x1A), drop);
    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u16, 0x20), local_get);
    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u16, 0xC4), i64_extend32_s);

}

/// Opcodes that require a prefix `0xFC`.
/// Each opcode represents a varuint32, meaning
/// they are encoded as leb128 in binary.
pub const MiscOpcode = enum(u32) {
    i32_trunc_sat_f32_s = 0x00,
    i32_trunc_sat_f32_u = 0x01,
    i32_trunc_sat_f64_s = 0x02,
    i32_trunc_sat_f64_u = 0x03,
    i64_trunc_sat_f32_s = 0x04,
    i64_trunc_sat_f32_u = 0x05,
    i64_trunc_sat_f64_s = 0x06,
    i64_trunc_sat_f64_u = 0x07,
    memory_init = 0x08,
    data_drop = 0x09,
    memory_copy = 0x0A,
    memory_fill = 0x0B,
    table_init = 0x0C,
    elem_drop = 0x0D,
    table_copy = 0x0E,
    table_grow = 0x0F,
    table_size = 0x10,
    table_fill = 0x11,
    _,

};

/// Returns the integer value of an `MiscOpcode`. Used by the Zig compiler
/// to write instructions to the wasm binary file
pub fn miscOpcode(op: MiscOpcode) u32 {
    return @intFromEnum(op);

}

/// Simd opcodes that require a prefix `0xFD`.
/// Each opcode represents a varuint32, meaning
/// they are encoded as leb128 in binary.
pub const SimdOpcode = enum(u32) {
    v128_load = 0x00,
    v128_load8x8_s = 0x01,
    v128_load8x8_u = 0x02,
    v128_load16x4_s = 0x03,
    v128_load16x4_u = 0x04,
    v128_load32x2_s = 0x05,
    v128_load32x2_u = 0x06,
    v128_load8_splat = 0x07,
    v128_load16_splat = 0x08,
    v128_load32_splat = 0x09,
    v128_load64_splat = 0x0A,
    v128_store = 0x0B,
    v128_const = 0x0C,
    i8x16_shuffle = 0x0D,
    i8x16_swizzle = 0x0E,
    i8x16_splat = 0x0F,
    i16x8_splat = 0x10,
    i32x4_splat = 0x11,
    i64x2_splat = 0x12,
    f32x4_splat = 0x13,
    f64x2_splat = 0x14,
    i8x16_extract_lane_s = 0x15,
    i8x16_extract_lane_u = 0x16,
    i8x16_replace_lane = 0x17,
    i16x8_extract_lane_s = 0x18,
    i16x8_extract_lane_u = 0x19,
    i16x8_replace_lane = 0x1A,
    i32x4_extract_lane = 0x1B,
    i32x4_replace_lane = 0x1C,
    i64x2_extract_lane = 0x1D,
    i64x2_replace_lane = 0x1E,
    f32x4_extract_lane = 0x1F,
    f32x4_replace_lane = 0x20,
    f64x2_extract_lane = 0x21,
    f64x2_replace_lane = 0x22,
    i8x16_eq = 0x23,
    i16x8_eq = 0x2D,
    i32x4_eq = 0x37,
    i8x16_ne = 0x24,
    i16x8_ne = 0x2E,
    i32x4_ne = 0x38,
    i8x16_lt_s = 0x25,
    i16x8_lt_s = 0x2F,
    i32x4_lt_s = 0x39,
    i8x16_lt_u = 0x26,
    i16x8_lt_u = 0x30,
    i32x4_lt_u = 0x3A,
    i8x16_gt_s = 0x27,
    i16x8_gt_s = 0x31,
    i32x4_gt_s = 0x3B,
    i8x16_gt_u = 0x28,
    i16x8_gt_u = 0x32,
    i32x4_gt_u = 0x3C,
    i8x16_le_s = 0x29,
    i16x8_le_s = 0x33,
    i32x4_le_s = 0x3D,
    i8x16_le_u = 0x2A,
    i16x8_le_u = 0x34,
    i32x4_le_u = 0x3E,
    i8x16_ge_s = 0x2B,
    i16x8_ge_s = 0x35,
    i32x4_ge_s = 0x3F,
    i8x16_ge_u = 0x2C,
    i16x8_ge_u = 0x36,
    i32x4_ge_u = 0x40,
    f32x4_eq = 0x41,
    f64x2_eq = 0x47,
    f32x4_ne = 0x42,
    f64x2_ne = 0x48,
    f32x4_lt = 0x43,
    f64x2_lt = 0x49,
    f32x4_gt = 0x44,
    f64x2_gt = 0x4A,
    f32x4_le = 0x45,
    f64x2_le = 0x4B,
    f32x4_ge = 0x46,
    f64x2_ge = 0x4C,
    v128_not = 0x4D,
    v128_and = 0x4E,
    v128_andnot = 0x4F,
    v128_or = 0x50,
    v128_xor = 0x51,
    v128_bitselect = 0x52,
    v128_any_true = 0x53,
    v128_load8_lane = 0x54,
    v128_load16_lane = 0x55,
    v128_load32_lane = 0x56,
    v128_load64_lane = 0x57,
    v128_store8_lane = 0x58,
    v128_store16_lane = 0x59,
    v128_store32_lane = 0x5A,
    v128_store64_lane = 0x5B,
    v128_load32_zero = 0x5C,
    v128_load64_zero = 0x5D,
    f32x4_demote_f64x2_zero = 0x5E,
    f64x2_promote_low_f32x4 = 0x5F,
    i8x16_abs = 0x60,
    i16x8_abs = 0x80,
    i32x4_abs = 0xA0,
    i64x2_abs = 0xC0,
    i8x16_neg = 0x61,
    i16x8_neg = 0x81,
    i32x4_neg = 0xA1,
    i64x2_neg = 0xC1,
    i8x16_popcnt = 0x62,
    i16x8_q15mulr_sat_s = 0x82,
    i8x16_all_true = 0x63,
    i16x8_all_true = 0x83,
    i32x4_all_true = 0xA3,
    i64x2_all_true = 0xC3,
    i8x16_bitmask = 0x64,
    i16x8_bitmask = 0x84,
    i32x4_bitmask = 0xA4,
    i64x2_bitmask = 0xC4,
    i8x16_narrow_i16x8_s = 0x65,
    i16x8_narrow_i32x4_s = 0x85,
    i8x16_narrow_i16x8_u = 0x66,
    i16x8_narrow_i32x4_u = 0x86,
    f32x4_ceil = 0x67,
    i16x8_extend_low_i8x16_s = 0x87,
    i32x4_extend_low_i16x8_s = 0xA7,
    i64x2_extend_low_i32x4_s = 0xC7,
    f32x4_floor = 0x68,
    i16x8_extend_high_i8x16_s = 0x88,
    i32x4_extend_high_i16x8_s = 0xA8,
    i64x2_extend_high_i32x4_s = 0xC8,
    f32x4_trunc = 0x69,
    i16x8_extend_low_i8x16_u = 0x89,
    i32x4_extend_low_i16x8_u = 0xA9,
    i64x2_extend_low_i32x4_u = 0xC9,
    f32x4_nearest = 0x6A,
    i16x8_extend_high_i8x16_u = 0x8A,
    i32x4_extend_high_i16x8_u = 0xAA,
    i64x2_extend_high_i32x4_u = 0xCA,
    i8x16_shl = 0x6B,
    i16x8_shl = 0x8B,
    i32x4_shl = 0xAB,
    i64x2_shl = 0xCB,
    i8x16_shr_s = 0x6C,
    i16x8_shr_s = 0x8C,
    i32x4_shr_s = 0xAC,
    i64x2_shr_s = 0xCC,
    i8x16_shr_u = 0x6D,
    i16x8_shr_u = 0x8D,
    i32x4_shr_u = 0xAD,
    i64x2_shr_u = 0xCD,
    i8x16_add = 0x6E,
    i16x8_add = 0x8E,
    i32x4_add = 0xAE,
    i64x2_add = 0xCE,
    i8x16_add_sat_s = 0x6F,
    i16x8_add_sat_s = 0x8F,
    i8x16_add_sat_u = 0x70,
    i16x8_add_sat_u = 0x90,
    i8x16_sub = 0x71,
    i16x8_sub = 0x91,
    i32x4_sub = 0xB1,
    i64x2_sub = 0xD1,
    i8x16_sub_sat_s = 0x72,
    i16x8_sub_sat_s = 0x92,
    i8x16_sub_sat_u = 0x73,
    i16x8_sub_sat_u = 0x93,
    f64x2_ceil = 0x74,
    f64x2_nearest = 0x94,
    f64x2_floor = 0x75,
    i16x8_mul = 0x95,
    i32x4_mul = 0xB5,
    i64x2_mul = 0xD5,
    i8x16_min_s = 0x76,
    i16x8_min_s = 0x96,
    i32x4_min_s = 0xB6,
    i64x2_eq = 0xD6,
    i8x16_min_u = 0x77,
    i16x8_min_u = 0x97,
    i32x4_min_u = 0xB7,
    i64x2_ne = 0xD7,
    i8x16_max_s = 0x78,
    i16x8_max_s = 0x98,
    i32x4_max_s = 0xB8,
    i64x2_lt_s = 0xD8,
    i8x16_max_u = 0x79,
    i16x8_max_u = 0x99,
    i32x4_max_u = 0xB9,
    i64x2_gt_s = 0xD9,
    f64x2_trunc = 0x7A,
    i32x4_dot_i16x8_s = 0xBA,
    i64x2_le_s = 0xDA,
    i8x16_avgr_u = 0x7B,
    i16x8_avgr_u = 0x9B,
    i64x2_ge_s = 0xDB,
    i16x8_extadd_pairwise_i8x16_s = 0x7C,
    i16x8_extmul_low_i8x16_s = 0x9C,
    i32x4_extmul_low_i16x8_s = 0xBC,
    i64x2_extmul_low_i32x4_s = 0xDC,
    i16x8_extadd_pairwise_i8x16_u = 0x7D,
    i16x8_extmul_high_i8x16_s = 0x9D,
    i32x4_extmul_high_i16x8_s = 0xBD,
    i64x2_extmul_high_i32x4_s = 0xDD,
    i32x4_extadd_pairwise_i16x8_s = 0x7E,
    i16x8_extmul_low_i8x16_u = 0x9E,
    i32x4_extmul_low_i16x8_u = 0xBE,
    i64x2_extmul_low_i32x4_u = 0xDE,
    i32x4_extadd_pairwise_i16x8_u = 0x7F,
    i16x8_extmul_high_i8x16_u = 0x9F,
    i32x4_extmul_high_i16x8_u = 0xBF,
    i64x2_extmul_high_i32x4_u = 0xDF,
    f32x4_abs = 0xE0,
    f64x2_abs = 0xEC,
    f32x4_neg = 0xE1,
    f64x2_neg = 0xED,
    f32x4_sqrt = 0xE3,
    f64x2_sqrt = 0xEF,
    f32x4_add = 0xE4,
    f64x2_add = 0xF0,
    f32x4_sub = 0xE5,
    f64x2_sub = 0xF1,
    f32x4_mul = 0xE6,
    f64x2_mul = 0xF2,
    f32x4_div = 0xE7,
    f64x2_div = 0xF3,
    f32x4_min = 0xE8,
    f64x2_min = 0xF4,
    f32x4_max = 0xE9,
    f64x2_max = 0xF5,
    f32x4_pmin = 0xEA,
    f64x2_pmin = 0xF6,
    f32x4_pmax = 0xEB,
    f64x2_pmax = 0xF7,
    i32x4_trunc_sat_f32x4_s = 0xF8,
    i32x4_trunc_sat_f32x4_u = 0xF9,
    f32x4_convert_i32x4_s = 0xFA,
    f32x4_convert_i32x4_u = 0xFB,
    i32x4_trunc_sat_f64x2_s_zero = 0xFC,
    i32x4_trunc_sat_f64x2_u_zero = 0xFD,
    f64x2_convert_low_i32x4_s = 0xFE,
    f64x2_convert_low_i32x4_u = 0xFF,

    // relaxed-simd opcodes
    i8x16_relaxed_swizzle = 0x100,
    i32x4_relaxed_trunc_f32x4_s = 0x101,
    i32x4_relaxed_trunc_f32x4_u = 0x102,
    i32x4_relaxed_trunc_f64x2_s_zero = 0x103,
    i32x4_relaxed_trunc_f64x2_u_zero = 0x104,
    f32x4_relaxed_madd = 0x105,
    f32x4_relaxed_nmadd = 0x106,
    f64x2_relaxed_madd = 0x107,
    f64x2_relaxed_nmadd = 0x108,
    i8x16_relaxed_laneselect = 0x109,
    i16x8_relaxed_laneselect = 0x10a,
    i32x4_relaxed_laneselect = 0x10b,
    i64x2_relaxed_laneselect = 0x10c,
    f32x4_relaxed_min = 0x10d,
    f32x4_relaxed_max = 0x10e,
    f64x2_relaxed_min = 0x10f,
    f64x2_relaxed_max = 0x110,
    i16x8_relaxed_q15mulr_s = 0x111,
    i16x8_relaxed_dot_i8x16_i7x16_s = 0x112,
    i32x4_relaxed_dot_i8x16_i7x16_add_s = 0x113,
    f32x4_relaxed_dot_bf16x8_add_f32x4 = 0x114,

};

/// Returns the integer value of an `SimdOpcode`. Used by the Zig compiler
/// to write instructions to the wasm binary file
pub fn simdOpcode(op: SimdOpcode) u32 {
    return @intFromEnum(op);

}

/// Atomic opcodes that require a prefix `0xFE`.
/// Each opcode represents a varuint32, meaning
/// they are encoded as leb128 in binary.
pub const AtomicsOpcode = enum(u32) {
    memory_atomic_notify = 0x00,
    memory_atomic_wait32 = 0x01,
    memory_atomic_wait64 = 0x02,
    atomic_fence = 0x03,
    i32_atomic_load = 0x10,
    i64_atomic_load = 0x11,
    i32_atomic_load8_u = 0x12,
    i32_atomic_load16_u = 0x13,
    i64_atomic_load8_u = 0x14,
    i64_atomic_load16_u = 0x15,
    i64_atomic_load32_u = 0x16,
    i32_atomic_store = 0x17,
    i64_atomic_store = 0x18,
    i32_atomic_store8 = 0x19,
    i32_atomic_store16 = 0x1A,
    i64_atomic_store8 = 0x1B,
    i64_atomic_store16 = 0x1C,
    i64_atomic_store32 = 0x1D,
    i32_atomic_rmw_add = 0x1E,
    i64_atomic_rmw_add = 0x1F,
    i32_atomic_rmw8_add_u = 0x20,
    i32_atomic_rmw16_add_u = 0x21,
    i64_atomic_rmw8_add_u = 0x22,
    i64_atomic_rmw16_add_u = 0x23,
    i64_atomic_rmw32_add_u = 0x24,
    i32_atomic_rmw_sub = 0x25,
    i64_atomic_rmw_sub = 0x26,
    i32_atomic_rmw8_sub_u = 0x27A,
    i32_atomic_rmw16_sub_u = 0x28A,
    i64_atomic_rmw8_sub_u = 0x29A,
    i64_atomic_rmw16_sub_u = 0x2A,
    i64_atomic_rmw32_sub_u = 0x2B,
    i32_atomic_rmw_and = 0x2C,
    i64_atomic_rmw_and = 0x2D,
    i32_atomic_rmw8_and_u = 0x2E,
    i32_atomic_rmw16_and_u = 0x2F,
    i64_atomic_rmw8_and_u = 0x30,
    i64_atomic_rmw16_and_u = 0x31,
    i64_atomic_rmw32_and_u = 0x32,
    i32_atomic_rmw_or = 0x33,
    i64_atomic_rmw_or = 0x34,
    i32_atomic_rmw8_or_u = 0x35,
    i32_atomic_rmw16_or_u = 0x36,
    i64_atomic_rmw8_or_u = 0x37,
    i64_atomic_rmw16_or_u = 0x38,
    i64_atomic_rmw32_or_u = 0x39,
    i32_atomic_rmw_xor = 0x3A,
    i64_atomic_rmw_xor = 0x3B,
    i32_atomic_rmw8_xor_u = 0x3C,
    i32_atomic_rmw16_xor_u = 0x3D,
    i64_atomic_rmw8_xor_u = 0x3E,
    i64_atomic_rmw16_xor_u = 0x3F,
    i64_atomic_rmw32_xor_u = 0x40,
    i32_atomic_rmw_xchg = 0x41,
    i64_atomic_rmw_xchg = 0x42,
    i32_atomic_rmw8_xchg_u = 0x43,
    i32_atomic_rmw16_xchg_u = 0x44,
    i64_atomic_rmw8_xchg_u = 0x45,
    i64_atomic_rmw16_xchg_u = 0x46,
    i64_atomic_rmw32_xchg_u = 0x47,

    i32_atomic_rmw_cmpxchg = 0x48,
    i64_atomic_rmw_cmpxchg = 0x49,
    i32_atomic_rmw8_cmpxchg_u = 0x4A,
    i32_atomic_rmw16_cmpxchg_u = 0x4B,
    i64_atomic_rmw8_cmpxchg_u = 0x4C,
    i64_atomic_rmw16_cmpxchg_u = 0x4D,
    i64_atomic_rmw32_cmpxchg_u = 0x4E,

};

/// Returns the integer value of an `AtomicsOpcode`. Used by the Zig compiler
/// to write instructions to the wasm binary file
pub fn atomicsOpcode(op: AtomicsOpcode) u32 {
    return @intFromEnum(op);

}

/// Enum representing all Wasm value types as per spec:
/// https://webassembly.github.io/spec/core/binary/types.html
pub const Valtype = enum(u8) {
    i32 = 0x7F,
    i64 = 0x7E,
    f32 = 0x7D,
    f64 = 0x7C,
    v128 = 0x7B,

};

/// Returns the integer value of a `Valtype`
pub fn valtype(value: Valtype) u8 {
    return @intFromEnum(value);

}

/// Reference types, where the funcref references to a function regardless of its type
/// and ref references an object from the embedder.
pub const RefType = enum(u8) {
    funcref = 0x70,
    externref = 0x6F,

};

/// Returns the integer value of a `Reftype`
pub fn reftype(value: RefType) u8 {
    return @intFromEnum(value);

}

test "valtypes" {
    const _i32 = valtype(.i32);
    const _i64 = valtype(.i64);
    const _f32 = valtype(.f32);
    const _f64 = valtype(.f64);

    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u8, 0x7F), _i32);
    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u8, 0x7E), _i64);
    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u8, 0x7D), _f32);
    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u8, 0x7C), _f64);

}

/// Limits classify the size range of resizeable storage associated with memory types and table types.
pub const Limits = struct {
    flags: u8,
    min: u32,
    max: u32,

    pub const Flags = enum(u8) {
        WASM_LIMITS_FLAG_HAS_MAX = 0x1,
        WASM_LIMITS_FLAG_IS_SHARED = 0x2,
    };

    pub fn hasFlag(limits: Limits, flag: Flags) bool {
        return limits.flags & @intFromEnum(flag) != 0;
    }

    pub fn setFlag(limits: *Limits, flag: Flags) void {
        limits.flags |= @intFromEnum(flag);
    }

};

/// Initialization expressions are used to set the initial value on an object
/// when a wasm module is being loaded.
pub const InitExpression = union(enum) {
    i32_const: i32,
    i64_const: i64,
    f32_const: f32,
    f64_const: f64,
    global_get: u32,

};

/// Represents a function entry, holding the index to its type
pub const Func = struct {
    type_index: u32,

};

/// Tables are used to hold pointers to opaque objects.
/// This can either by any function, or an object from the host.
pub const Table = struct {
    limits: Limits,
    reftype: RefType,
};

/// Describes the layout of the memory where `min` represents
/// the minimal amount of pages, and the optional `max` represents
/// the max pages. When `null` will allow the host to determine the
/// amount of pages.
pub const Memory = struct {
    limits: Limits,
};

/// Represents the type of a `Global` or an imported global.
pub const GlobalType = struct {
    valtype: Valtype,
    mutable: bool,
};

pub const Global = struct {
    global_type: GlobalType,
    init: InitExpression,
};

/// Notates an object to be exported from wasm
/// to the host.
pub const Export = struct {
    name: []const u8,
    kind: ExternalKind,
    index: u32,
};

/// Element describes the layout of the table that can
/// be found at `table_index`
pub const Element = struct {
    table_index: u32,
    offset: InitExpression,
    func_indexes: []const u32,
};

/// Imports are used to import objects from the host
pub const Import = struct {
    module_name: []const u8,
    name: []const u8,
    kind: Kind,

    pub const Kind = union(ExternalKind) {
        function: u32,
        table: Table,
        memory: Limits,
        global: GlobalType,
    };
};

/// `Type` represents a function signature type containing both
/// a slice of parameters as well as a slice of return values.
pub const Type = struct {
    params: []const Valtype,
    returns: []const Valtype,

    pub fn format(self: Type, comptime fmt: []const u8, opt: std.fmt.FormatOptions, writer: anytype) !void {
        if (fmt.len != 0) std.fmt.invalidFmtError(fmt, self);
        _ = opt;
        try writer.writeByte('(');
        for (self.params, 0..) |param, i| {
            try writer.print("{s}", .{@tagName(param)});
            if (i + 1 != self.params.len) {
                try writer.writeAll(", ");
            }
        }
        try writer.writeAll(") -> ");
        if (self.returns.len == 0) {
            try writer.writeAll("nil");
        } else {
            for (self.returns, 0..) |return_ty, i| {
                try writer.print("{s}", .{@tagName(return_ty)});
                if (i + 1 != self.returns.len) {
                    try writer.writeAll(", ");
                }
            }
        }
    }

    pub fn eql(self: Type, other: Type) bool {
        return std.mem.eql(Valtype, self.params, other.params) and
            std.mem.eql(Valtype, self.returns, other.returns);
    }

    pub fn deinit(self: *Type, gpa: std.mem.Allocator) void {
        gpa.free(self.params);
        gpa.free(self.returns);
        self.* = undefined;
    }
};

/// Wasm module sections as per spec:
/// https://webassembly.github.io/spec/core/binary/modules.html
pub const Section = enum(u8) {
    custom,
    type,
    import,
    function,
    table,
    memory,
    global,
    @"export",
    start,
    element,
    code,
    data,
    data_count,
    _,
};

/// Returns the integer value of a given `Section`
pub fn section(val: Section) u8 {
    return @intFromEnum(val);
}

/// The kind of the type when importing or exporting to/from the host environment.
/// https://webassembly.github.io/spec/core/syntax/modules.html
pub const ExternalKind = enum(u8) {
    function,
    table,
    memory,
    global,
};

/// Returns the integer value of a given `ExternalKind`
pub fn externalKind(val: ExternalKind) u8 {
    return @intFromEnum(val);
}

/// Defines the enum values for each subsection id for the "Names" custom section
/// as described by:
/// https://webassembly.github.io/spec/core/appendix/custom.html?highlight=name#name-section
pub const NameSubsection = enum(u8) {
    module,
    function,
    local,
    label,
    type,
    table,
    memory,
    global,
    elem_segment,
    data_segment,
};

// type constants
pub const element_type: u8 = 0x70;
pub const function_type: u8 = 0x60;
pub const result_type: u8 = 0x40;

/// Represents a block which will not return a value
pub const block_empty: u8 = 0x40;

// binary constants
pub const magic = [_]u8{ 0x00, 0x61, 0x73, 0x6D }; // \0asm
pub const version = [_]u8{ 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00 }; // version 1 (MVP)

// Each wasm page size is 64kB
pub const page_size = 64 * 1024;